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Cancer – Its stages, diagnosis, and prevention

Cancer – Its stages, diagnosis, and prevention

Cancer is a disease caused by the growth of malignant cells in the body. The formation of cells can happen anywhere, from the brain to the pancreas. Several cancerous cells clustered together form a tumor. The tumor then grows in size, spreading to other parts as well. Some cancers we know of are fatal, while some can be cured with the help of surgery, chemotherapy, and other such procedures.

Let’s take a look at the stages, diagnosis, and prevention.

Stages of cancer

There are different stages of cancer that are classified to understand how far it has spread and the degree of treatment that may be required. Based on this, there are two bases for differentiation.

Based on the numbered system, there are 4 stages.

  • Stage 0 cancer

In this stage, the cancer cells are restricted to the area of origin and they’ve not spread to any other part.

  • Stage 1 cancer

Here, the cancer cells spread to the nearby areas, but not to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

  • Stage 2 and 3 cancer

This indicates that cancer has spread to nearby areas as well as lymph nodes.

  • Stage 4 cancer

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body. This stage is also known as the advanced stage of cancer.

In the TNM system, there are three categories:

  • T – tumor
  • N – lymph nodes
  • M – metastases

There is a score attached to each of these categories to indicate how far cancer has spread. Thus, one gets to know, specific to each stage, how far cancer has progressed.

Diagnosis of cancer

Cancer is diagnosed by experts who examine and understand the cells and tissues under a microscope. Tests are performed on the proteins of the cells as well as the DNA and RNA to understand if there is cancer. The best possible treatment options can only be chosen by examining the cells well and understanding the level to which cancer has spread.

Several times, the doctor might also spot other infections that may seem like cancer at first but are not. The procedure of taking out a small part of the lump for testing is known as biopsy and the process is also often referred to as pathology.

Prevention of cancer

There are some straightforward methods to prevent the occurrence of cancer or to delay the onset. What science knows about the presence and prevention of cancer is still limited. However, based on the known facts, here’s what can be done to prevent cancer.

  • Do not use tobacco
  • Maintain a healthy diet
  • Maintain a healthy weight without sudden fluctuations
  • Protect yourself from the sun to avoid skin cancer
  • Get a vaccine, which will protect you from different types of infections like Hepatitis B, HPV, and the like.
  • Practice safe sex
  • Get regular health check-ups done
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Understanding arthritis – A common joint condition

The joints are constantly working while we move our limbs, so, understandably, people may develop certain joint conditions that cause pain and compromise mobility, especially with age. One of the common joint conditions is arthritis, which leads to joint inflammation and mild to severe pain. While there are several types of arthritis, the two most common types are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Stages Rheumatoid arthritis has four stages: Stage 1: At this stage, inflammation occurs inside the joints, and swelling, stiffness, and joint pain are the common symptoms. Stage 2: The inflammation of the joint lining, synovium, aggravates at this stage and results in cartilage damage. The affected joints’ range of motion is also compromised, causing pain and discomfort. Stage 3: At this stage, the severity of the joint condition increases, and it leads to bone damage. This results in more pain, loss of mobility, and weakness of muscles. The bones rubbing against each other can cause bone deformity as well. Stage 4: This is the final stage where the joints stop functioning completely. It leads to more pain, stiffness, and swelling, and the bones may even fuse, which is known as ankylosis. Osteoarthritis also has four stages of progression: Stage 1: Wear and tear may affect the knee joints, and minor spur growths on the affected bone can also be seen, but the condition does not cause too much pain at this stage. Stage 2: The bone spur growths increase and cause pain, and the knee joints become stiffer. Stage 3: This stage is characterized by joint inflammation leading to increased pain and stiffness. Walking can also cause popping sounds in the joints. Stage 4: The space between the bones in the joints becomes very narrow, causing the cartilage to wear down. Also, a chronic inflammatory response caused by the breakdown of cartilage aggravates discomfort and pain. Diagnosis of arthritis These joint conditions can be diagnosed using several tests. A physical examination reveals whether a patient has red, warm, and tender joints, and this test also helps examine the fluid around the joints. A rheumatologist can analyze the level of inflammation in the joints to determine the type of arthritis an individual is affected with. Also, blood tests are undertaken to check for antibodies like anti-CCP, rheumatoid factor, and antinuclear antibody. In addition, X-ray, CT scans, and MRI are also performed to check the condition of the cartilage and bones. Prevention of arthritis A family history of joint conditions like arthritis or aging can increase one’s risk of developing arthritis, but making certain lifestyle changes can also help lower the chances of developing the condition. To start with, one should include more foods with omega-3 fatty acids in their diet as these healthy fats are anti-inflammatory. One should also exercise regularly, keep their weight under check, reduce stress on their joints, and try to avoid injuries. Also, if one notices any symptoms of arthritis, they should consult a doctor immediately as early diagnosis goes a long way in managing the condition effectively through timely treatment.

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Understanding anemia, a blood disorder

Many different forms of blood disorders can affect the human body. These disorders can affect the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Certain disorders can also affect plasma. The development of the diseases and their treatments depend on what kind of disorder one has. One of the most common illnesses is anemia, which affects red blood cells.Types of anemiaAnemia causes a decrease in the number of red blood cells, which leads to pale skin, fatigue, and breathing difficulties. There are many different kinds of anemia.Iron-deficiency anemiaThis kind of anemia is caused due to a deficiency of iron in the body, which is necessary for the production of red blood cells. This can be caused by low iron intake and loss of blood.Chronic disease influenced anemiaChronic diseases like a kidney disorder can result in anemia, too. Some people require treatment to improve blood cell production.Pernicious anemiaPeople with autoimmune disorders or weak stomach linings may suffer from this type of anemia. One cannot absorb enough B12 from their diet, which results in this deficiency. Aplastic anemiaThis is one of the blood disorders that results when the bone marrow fails to produce enough red cells and other blood cells. Autoimmune hemolytic anemiaAn immune system disorder can destroy the red blood cells in the body, which causes anemia. ThalassemiaThis is a genetic form of anemia that may not even result in any symptoms for most people while others may require regular blood transfusions.Polycythemia veraThis is a condition that results in the uncontrollable production of blood cells. It can cause blood clots in some cases. Diagnosis of anemiaIf suffering from any blood disorders, like anemia, and one notices its symptoms, the doctor will inquire about one’s family and medical history. After a physical examination, certain tests will be conducted as well. Complete blood count (CBC)A blood sample is collected from the body to measure the blood cell count. The red blood cell counts found from the report will indicate if one has anemia.Red blood cell testA red blood cell test is also done to examine its color, size, and shape. If the tests show that one has anemia, then the doctor will perform additional tests to determine the cause of the condition. Generally, the bone marrow is analyzed for this. Preventing blood disordersNot all kinds of anemia can be prevented. However, according to the National Women's Health Information Center, one can take certain preventive measures to avoid this condition. Adding iron-rich food items in one’s daily diet surely is an effective way to keep anemia at bay. Some foods that are rich in iron are tofu, green vegetables, lentils, and beans. Additionally, include food and drinks that are high in vitamin C and include folic acid and vitamin B12, too. There are available treatments for blood disorders that can cure the disease or manage it. Hence, it is important to go for regular health checkups to make sure that it is diagnosed on time.

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Everything you need to know about chronic fatigue syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition that causes extreme tiredness and fatigue that does not go away even after resting. The causes of the condition are yet to be known. However, there are some theories indicate several factors which include: Viral infection Stress Or several factors in unison Once the symptoms are identified and the condition is diagnosed, treatment can be taken to get relief from symptoms. Understanding all aspects of the condition, including its stages, diagnosis, symptoms, and prevention can help in managing it effectively. Different stages and phases of chronic fatigue syndrome The patients of chronic fatigue syndrome undergo four phases of the condition. Their response towards the treatment can also vary greatly depending on the phase that they are going through. These phases are: Phase I: Crisis or trauma Phase II: Stabilization Phase III: Resolution Phase IV: Integration During all the phases, a chronic fatigue syndrome patient undergoes some physical, psychological, and social changes that are easily noticeable. Diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome No one test can diagnose a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. This is because the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome resemble several other health conditions. Therefore, a lot of patience is required for the diagnosis of the condition.
02

What you should know about depression

Depression is a mental health disorder that results in bouts of continuous sadness. A clinical mood disorder can lead to physical and emotional suffering, and can also change one’s behavior. Frustration, anger outbursts, lack of energy, sleep issues, anxiety, disinterest in eating, concentration issues, and suicidal thoughts are also common symptoms of this disease. Depending on its severity, the illness can challenge one to lead a normal life, too. Diagnosis There are many different methods a medical professional can use to determine if one is affected by depression. Psychiatric evaluation is the most common way to determine if one is suffering from the disease. The mental health doctor will interview the affected person to understand their thought process, mood, and other symptoms. Some doctors may compare symptoms with the ones listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). This makes it easier for them to understand the condition. A physical exam is also performed to determine if any physical health issue is caused due to this mental condition. Stages of depression Depending on the level of sadness, the stages of depression can be divided into five stages: Stage 1 Even though the signs of mental disease are hard to miss, for most people, it starts with denial.
03

Important things you should know about diabetes

The pancreas is an important organ in our body that produces insulin. It is required to help the glucose pass to our cells from the blood. That is how energy is created, which is the fuel we require to function. When the pancreas is unable to produce insulin, the glucose level in one’s blood increases. This can result in diabetes, which can lead to organ damage. Types of diabetes There are mainly three kinds of this disease. Type 1 diabetes It can be most commonly seen in children and adolescents. Having said that, it can occur at any age. The insulin production of one’s body decreases with this condition, and they require daily injections to control their glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes Around 90% of people who have diabetes suffer from this type. It is most commonly seen in adults and results in one’s body failing to properly use the insulin that is produced. It can be kept under control by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, but one may also require medicine in the advanced stages. Gestational diabetes This can be seen during pregnancy if the glucose level in one’s blood increases. It can affect both the child and the mother.
04

Gout – Diagnosis, stages, and prevention

Gout or gouty arthritis is a form of arthritis that commonly occurs in the joint located at the base of one’s big toe. It can also be seen in other joints and results in swelling, sudden pain, and tenderness. It can happen to anyone and occur at any moment, even suddenly in the middle of the night. The good news is that it can be prevented and treated. Diagnosis of gout Multiple medical tests can be used to determine if one has this form of arthritis. Below is a list of the most common tests. Joint fluid test The doctor uses a needle to collect fluid from one’s joint and test the same under a microscope. If urate crystals are found in the fluid then they have the condition. Blood test For gout detection, the doctor may suggest a blood test. The amount of creatinine and uric acid present in one’s blood indicates if they have it or not. However, the result of the blood test may not always be conclusive. X-ray imaging If one has joint inflammation, the doctor can use X-ray imaging to determine if it is caused by any other reason or gouty arthritis. Ultrasound A musculoskeletal ultrasound test is used to determine if one has gout or any other form of arthritis.

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