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5 ways to improve immunity against severe respiratory viruses

5 ways to improve immunity against severe respiratory viruses

The development of vaccines is vital for fighting against emerging viruses and the ongoing quest for global health security. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of vaccines in controlling the spread of infectious diseases. Among the many vaccines developed, the GSK Novavax vaccine is a promising addition to the healthcare armory. This article explores the key information about the vaccine and discusses broader strategies for improving immunity against new-age viruses.

The pandemic’s role in increasing respiratory illnesses
The pandemic is responsible for a host of lung issues. The COVID-19 infection has been medically found to damage the walls and linings of the air sacs within the lungs. The body’s reaction to this results in the lungs becoming inflamed and filled with fluid. This directly results in respiratory issues like hypoxia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, common cold, and upper airway congestion.

Treatment options for respiratory illnesses

Oxygen therapy
Oxygen therapy is administered through nasal prongs or masks. It helps improve oxygen levels in cases of hypoxemia.

Pulmonary rehabilitation
This comprehensive program includes exercise, education, and support for individuals with chronic respiratory conditions to improve lung function and overall quality of life.

Vaccination
Preventive measures like vaccines for influenza and pneumonia may reduce the risk of certain respiratory infections.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines and non-mRNA vaccines help combat respiratory infections in different ways.

Here’s a comparison of how they function and their benefits in addressing respiratory infections:

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines

Introduction of antigen
mRNA vaccines provide genetic instructions to cells to produce a fragment of the target pathogen’s antigen. In the case of COVID-19, they instruct cells to produce a spike protein from the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Immune response
The immune system recognizes the produced antigen as foreign and mounts an immune response. This includes producing antibodies and activating T cells specific to the antigen.

Memory cells formation
Memory B and T cells, which “remember” the antigen, are generated. This provides long-term immunity, as these cells can respond rapidly if the person is exposed to the actual virus in the future.

Adaptive immunity
mRNA vaccines stimulate the adaptive immune system, which is highly specific to the target pathogen. This specificity helps provide robust protection against the specific virus for which the vaccine was designed.

Non-mRNA Vaccines

Introduction of antigen
Non-mRNA vaccines use various methods to introduce the antigen to the immune system. Inactivated vaccines use killed virus particles, subunit vaccines use specific protein fragments, and vector-based vaccines use another virus as a carrier to present the antigen.

Immune response
Non-mRNA vaccines trigger an immune response against the presented antigen, which includes the production of antibodies and activation of T cells.

Memory cells formation
Memory cells also form in response to non-mRNA vaccines, contributing to long-term immunity.

Different approaches
Non-mRNA vaccines employ different technologies, allowing for versatility in vaccine development. They can be adapted to various pathogens, making them suitable for respiratory infections.

Novavax is an example of an m-RNA vaccine. It directly infiltrates a version of COVID-19’s spike protein and another ingredient that stimulates the body’s immune system. This boosts the production of antibodies and T-cells within the body.

Best foods for respiratory illnesses

Fruits and vegetables
These foods are high in antioxidants like vitamin C and beta-carotene, which boost the immune system. Examples of these include oranges, berries, spinach, and carrots.

Garlic and onions
These foods contain multiple antimicrobial properties, and as a result, they boost respiratory health in people.

Nuts and seeds
Foods such as walnuts and hazelnuts are packed with vitamin E and magnesium, both of which support lung functionality.

Home remedies

Adding turmeric to meals
Adding turmeric to dishes or consuming turmeric tea regularly helps the immune system. Turmeric has anti-inflammatory and, by extension, immune-enhancing properties.

Consuming honey and lemon
After mixing them in warm water, both elements soothe one’s throat and provide anti-bacterial benefits, both of which help to make one’s immunity stronger against respiratory illnesses.

Incorporating ginger and garlic into meals
Ginger and garlic act against inflammation and help the body combat respiratory illnesses much more efficiently.

Lifestyle changes to prevent respiratory illnesses

Getting adequate sleep
Getting 7-8 hours of quality sleep allows the body to repair and rejuvenate.

Getting adequate hydration
Staying well-hydrated with water and herbal teas helps maintain mucous membrane health. This makes the body stronger against respiratory conditions like the common cold.

Practicing stress management
Stress-reduction techniques like meditation, deep breathing, or yoga strengthen the body.

Exercises to prevent respiratory illnesses
Engaging in regular exercises can bolster the immune system against respiratory illnesses. Additionally, exercises increase overall blood circulation, aiding immune cells in patrolling the body for pathogens.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/therapy/mrnavaccines/#:~:text=mRNA%20vaccines%20work%20by%20introducing,the%20virus%20by%20the%20vaccine .)

https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/novavax-covid-vaccine#:~:text=But%2C%20unlike%20the%20other%20vaccines,of%20antibodies%20and%20T%2Dcells .

https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/wellness/breathing-exercises#:~:text=Pursed%20Lip%20Breathing,-This%20exercise%20reduces&text=More%20air%20is%20able%20to,your%20mouth%2C%20with%20pursed%20lips .

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Understanding arthritis – A common joint condition

The joints are constantly working while we move our limbs, so, understandably, people may develop certain joint conditions that cause pain and compromise mobility, especially with age. One of the common joint conditions is arthritis, which leads to joint inflammation and mild to severe pain. While there are several types of arthritis, the two most common types are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Stages Rheumatoid arthritis has four stages: Stage 1: At this stage, inflammation occurs inside the joints, and swelling, stiffness, and joint pain are the common symptoms. Stage 2: The inflammation of the joint lining, synovium, aggravates at this stage and results in cartilage damage. The affected joints’ range of motion is also compromised, causing pain and discomfort. Stage 3: At this stage, the severity of the joint condition increases, and it leads to bone damage. This results in more pain, loss of mobility, and weakness of muscles. The bones rubbing against each other can cause bone deformity as well. Stage 4: This is the final stage where the joints stop functioning completely. It leads to more pain, stiffness, and swelling, and the bones may even fuse, which is known as ankylosis. Osteoarthritis also has four stages of progression: Stage 1: Wear and tear may affect the knee joints, and minor spur growths on the affected bone can also be seen, but the condition does not cause too much pain at this stage. Stage 2: The bone spur growths increase and cause pain, and the knee joints become stiffer. Stage 3: This stage is characterized by joint inflammation leading to increased pain and stiffness. Walking can also cause popping sounds in the joints. Stage 4: The space between the bones in the joints becomes very narrow, causing the cartilage to wear down. Also, a chronic inflammatory response caused by the breakdown of cartilage aggravates discomfort and pain. Diagnosis of arthritis These joint conditions can be diagnosed using several tests. A physical examination reveals whether a patient has red, warm, and tender joints, and this test also helps examine the fluid around the joints. A rheumatologist can analyze the level of inflammation in the joints to determine the type of arthritis an individual is affected with. Also, blood tests are undertaken to check for antibodies like anti-CCP, rheumatoid factor, and antinuclear antibody. In addition, X-ray, CT scans, and MRI are also performed to check the condition of the cartilage and bones. Prevention of arthritis A family history of joint conditions like arthritis or aging can increase one’s risk of developing arthritis, but making certain lifestyle changes can also help lower the chances of developing the condition. To start with, one should include more foods with omega-3 fatty acids in their diet as these healthy fats are anti-inflammatory. One should also exercise regularly, keep their weight under check, reduce stress on their joints, and try to avoid injuries. Also, if one notices any symptoms of arthritis, they should consult a doctor immediately as early diagnosis goes a long way in managing the condition effectively through timely treatment.

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Heartburn – Early warning signs, causes, and more

Heartburn occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, a tube that carries food from one's mouth to one's stomach. While occasional heartburn is regular, persistent or severe symptoms could point to a more serious condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Recognizing the early warning signs of heartburn is essential for timely intervention and improved quality of life. Here are the top eight common signs of heartburn and its causes and home remedies. Early warning signs of heartburn Burning sensation The backflow of acid from the stomach can irritate the delicate lining of the esophagus, giving a burning sensation in the throat and chest. This sensation is often described as a fiery or hot feeling and can range in intensity from mild to severe. Acidic taste Heartburn is usually accompanied by regurgitation. Here, the acid and partially digested food rise into the back of the throat or mouth, causing a sour or acidic taste. Difficulty swallowing Heartburn can lead to tightness or discomfort in the throat, making it difficult to swallow. This symptom can occur if the esophagus becomes inflamed or narrowed due to repeated acid exposure. Chest pain Heartburn can sometimes mimic the symptoms of a heart attack. Chest pain, pressure, or discomfort that worsens after eating or lying down can indicate heartburn. However, it is crucial to differentiate between heartburn and a heart attack, as they require vastly different treatments. If one is unsure, one is advised to seek immediate medical help. Chronic cough Some individuals with heartburn may develop a chronic cough that is often worse at night. The irritation caused by stomach acid can trigger a reflex in the throat, leading to coughing. Hoarseness Heartburn can also affect the voice. Hoarseness or a raspy voice can indicate acid irritation in the throat and vocal cords. Burping Excessive burping, often accompanied by a taste of stomach acid, can be another early warning sign of heartburn. Burping is the body's way of expelling excess gas that can contribute to the discomfort associated with heartburn. Sleep issues Heartburn symptoms like acid flare-ups that primarily occur at night or disrupt sleep may indicate more severe GERD. Causes of heartburn Food habits Certain foods and beverages can trigger heartburn, including spicy or acidic foods, citrus fruits, tomato-based products, chocolate, and caffeinated or alcoholic drinks. Overeating Eating large meals too quickly can increase pressure on the stomach and contribute to heartburn. Lying down after eating Heartburn symptoms often worsen when lying down or bending over too soon after a meal. This is because the horizontal position lets the stomach acid flow more easily into the esophagus. Pregnancy Hormonal changes during pregnancy relax the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the muscular ring, separating the stomach from the esophagus, allowing its acid to flow back up. Prevention and management Managing heartburn and preventing it from becoming a chronic issue involves lifestyle modifications and, in some cases, medical intervention. Here are some preventive measures one can take to avoid heartburn: Avoid trigger foods To prevent heartburn, it's crucial to identify and avoid foods that trigger it. Common culprits include spicy or acidic foods, citrus fruits, tomato-based products, chocolate, and caffeine. Keeping a food diary can help pinpoint which foods tend to exacerbate symptoms. Smaller, more frequent meals One can opt for smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day rather than having three large meals. This approach can help prevent overeating, which can put excessive pressure on the stomach and increase the probability of stomach acid refluxing into the esophagus. Mindful eating Eating too fast leads to swallowing air, contributing to bloating and increased pressure on the stomach. Eating slowly and chewing one's food not only aids digestion but also reduces the chances of heartburn. Proper post-meal habits One should avoid lying down immediately after eating. Instead, one can take a leisurely walk or remain upright for at least 2-3 hours after a meal. This allows gravity to assist in keeping stomach contents in the stomach. Elevate head To combat nighttime heartburn, one can elevate one's head and upper body comfortably by placing sturdy blocks or wedge pillows underneath. This positioning can significantly reduce the discomfort and irritation caused by acid reflux. By incorporating these practical strategies into one's daily life, one can reduce the frequency and severity of heartburn. Remember that individual responses to these strategies may vary, so it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.

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Everything you need to know about chronic fatigue syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition that causes extreme tiredness and fatigue that does not go away even after resting. The causes of the condition are yet to be known. However, there are some theories indicate several factors which include: Viral infection Stress Or several factors in unison Once the symptoms are identified and the condition is diagnosed, treatment can be taken to get relief from symptoms. Understanding all aspects of the condition, including its stages, diagnosis, symptoms, and prevention can help in managing it effectively. Different stages and phases of chronic fatigue syndrome The patients of chronic fatigue syndrome undergo four phases of the condition. Their response towards the treatment can also vary greatly depending on the phase that they are going through. These phases are: Phase I: Crisis or trauma Phase II: Stabilization Phase III: Resolution Phase IV: Integration During all the phases, a chronic fatigue syndrome patient undergoes some physical, psychological, and social changes that are easily noticeable. Diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome No one test can diagnose a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome. This is because the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome resemble several other health conditions. Therefore, a lot of patience is required for the diagnosis of the condition.
02

What you should know about depression

Depression is a mental health disorder that results in bouts of continuous sadness. A clinical mood disorder can lead to physical and emotional suffering, and can also change one’s behavior. Frustration, anger outbursts, lack of energy, sleep issues, anxiety, disinterest in eating, concentration issues, and suicidal thoughts are also common symptoms of this disease. Depending on its severity, the illness can challenge one to lead a normal life, too. Diagnosis There are many different methods a medical professional can use to determine if one is affected by depression. Psychiatric evaluation is the most common way to determine if one is suffering from the disease. The mental health doctor will interview the affected person to understand their thought process, mood, and other symptoms. Some doctors may compare symptoms with the ones listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). This makes it easier for them to understand the condition. A physical exam is also performed to determine if any physical health issue is caused due to this mental condition. Stages of depression Depending on the level of sadness, the stages of depression can be divided into five stages: Stage 1 Even though the signs of mental disease are hard to miss, for most people, it starts with denial.
03

Important things you should know about diabetes

The pancreas is an important organ in our body that produces insulin. It is required to help the glucose pass to our cells from the blood. That is how energy is created, which is the fuel we require to function. When the pancreas is unable to produce insulin, the glucose level in one’s blood increases. This can result in diabetes, which can lead to organ damage. Types of diabetes There are mainly three kinds of this disease. Type 1 diabetes It can be most commonly seen in children and adolescents. Having said that, it can occur at any age. The insulin production of one’s body decreases with this condition, and they require daily injections to control their glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes Around 90% of people who have diabetes suffer from this type. It is most commonly seen in adults and results in one’s body failing to properly use the insulin that is produced. It can be kept under control by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, but one may also require medicine in the advanced stages. Gestational diabetes This can be seen during pregnancy if the glucose level in one’s blood increases. It can affect both the child and the mother.
04

Gout – Diagnosis, stages, and prevention

Gout or gouty arthritis is a form of arthritis that commonly occurs in the joint located at the base of one’s big toe. It can also be seen in other joints and results in swelling, sudden pain, and tenderness. It can happen to anyone and occur at any moment, even suddenly in the middle of the night. The good news is that it can be prevented and treated. Diagnosis of gout Multiple medical tests can be used to determine if one has this form of arthritis. Below is a list of the most common tests. Joint fluid test The doctor uses a needle to collect fluid from one’s joint and test the same under a microscope. If urate crystals are found in the fluid then they have the condition. Blood test For gout detection, the doctor may suggest a blood test. The amount of creatinine and uric acid present in one’s blood indicates if they have it or not. However, the result of the blood test may not always be conclusive. X-ray imaging If one has joint inflammation, the doctor can use X-ray imaging to determine if it is caused by any other reason or gouty arthritis. Ultrasound A musculoskeletal ultrasound test is used to determine if one has gout or any other form of arthritis.

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